Over the past few years, A.D.A.M. has spent millions of dollars updating its content. We plan to continue to invest our resources to ensure the highest medical standards are met. This is why A.D.A.M. has formed a Content Review Board (CRB). The CRB consists of Dr. Alan Greene, A.D.A.M.'s Chief Medical Officer, in-house editorial staff, the A.D.A.M. medical illustration team, and medical specialists affiliated with leading institutions across the country.

Dr. Alan Greene, CMO, A.D.A.M.
Dr. Greene is the Chief Medical Officer of A.D.A.M. and the Co-Founder of DrGreene.com. He is on the Clinical Faculty at Stanford University School of Medicine where he treats patients and teaches Residents. Dr. Greene is also Intel's Internet Health Hero for children's health. He is an author, medical expert, and a media personality.

Alan Greene, M.D. earned a Bachelor's degree in the History and Philosophy of Science from Princeton University. He graduated from medical school at University of California at San Francisco. Upon completion of his pediatric residency program at Children's Hospital Medical Center of Northern California in 1993, he went on to serve as Chief Resident. During his Chief year, Dr. Greene passed the pediatric boards in the top 5 percent of the nation.

In April of 2000, Dr. Greene was a keynote speaker for the first European Internet health conference, eHealth Europe. Dr. Greene has appeared in numerous publications including the Wall Street Journal, Parenting, Child, Baby Talk, Woman's World, Better Home's & Gardens, and Reader's Digest. He also appears frequently on television and radio shows as a medical expert. He is especially interested in developmental issues that surround child rearing.

Greg Juhn, MTPW, Director of Content
A.D.A.M.'s Director of Content has a bachelor's degree in molecular biology and a master's degree in medical writing. He has ten year's of experience in medical education, public health program development, adult learning theory, instructional design, and development of online learning materials. He has authored one consumer health book and co-authored numerous scientific articles in peer-reviewed publications. Mr. Juhn works with the Chief Medical Officer to establish all editorial procedures and is responsible for ensuring these procedures are followed on a daily basis.

Victoria Kennedy, BS, RN, Medical Writer
A.D.A.M.'s lead medical writer has a bachelor's degree in nursing. She has ten years of experience working in the operating room. She has worked as a legal nurse consultant and a senior risk management consultant, with over five years of experience in public speaking and health writing. She has extensive clinical reference works that she consults in developing our materials. (See list below.)

Jill Doctor, BS, Medical Editor
Our editor has a bachelor's degree in English secondary education. She worked as a consultant for the Atlanta Public School System for two years in the areas of curriculum development, technology advances, government compliance, and innovative teaching strategies. Mrs. Doctor also has worked on numerous committees dedicated to developing better techniques for teachers to facilitate improved classroom instruction in grammar and writing. She uses a style guide to ensure that articles follow A.D.A.M.'s established style and format. Following a physician review, she checks grammar, style, tone, consistency, and spelling.

Carolyn Donahoe, BA, Content Manager
A.D.A.M.'s content manager is responsible for keeping all articles on a regular one- or two-year review schedule. She works with VeriMed Healthcare System to make sure that articles due for review have been assigned to an appropriate physician. She tracks comments from users and physicians using a database. She works with the Director of Content to assign a priority status to comments and assign them to A.D.A.M. staff or physicians for action, and then tracks the status of these comments through resolution.

A.D.A.M. Medical Illustration Team

With more than 70 years of collective experience, A.D.A.M.'s team of medical illustrators is comprised of top professionals in the field. Each of our medical illustrators has completed a masters degree in Medical Illustration from an accredited graduate program in the United States. These two to three year programs require students to successfully complete many of the first year medical school courses (including gross anatomy, histology, embryology, pathology and neuroanatomy), as well as a full year of direct surgical observation and illustration.

In addition to traditional techniques, our highly talented staff of medical illustrators has expertise in various digital content types and applications. The medical illustration team has made A.D.A.M. a leading provider of visual, interactive health information for the education and professional markets worldwide by producing tens of thousands of images and animations contained in our award-winning products.

VP of Production: Kyle McNeir

Director of Visual Production: Meredith Nienkamp

Medical Illustrators:
Bill Blakesley
Craig Brasco
Lisa Higginbotham
Dan Johnson
Mike Gleason
Sue Mabry

VeriMed Healthcare Network

A.D.A.M. uses VeriMed Healthcare Network, Inc. to review and update many of its articles. VeriMed is a consulting group of over 280 practicing, board-certified physician writers and educators affiliated with many leading institutions across the country, including the top hospitals as ranked by U.S. News and World Report. Their network represents all of the major medical subspecialties. A.D.A.M. works closely with VeriMed on a daily basis to update and expand A.D.A.M.'s vast consumer information database. The biographies of many of these reviewers are listed below.

Dr. Christos Ballas, a psychiatrist at the Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, is actively involved in teaching clinical and basic science classes to medical students and doctors all over the world, from San Francisco to Budapest. Additionally, he has given numerous lectures about clinical topics in psychiatry and forensic psychiatry. He is also involved in researching the genetics of mental illness and substance abuse disorders. Dr. Ballas is currently helping to write a book on tardive dyskinisia and malpractice issues. He has co-authored several papers in behavioral genetics and psychiatry.

Dr. Luis Diaz completed medical school at the University of Michigan Medical School in 1998, graduating cum laude eruditionis causa. He began his Internal Medicine training at Johns Hopkins Hospital, where he is currently a Junior Assistant Resident in the Osler Medical Training Program. He is scheduled to begin fellowship training in Hematology and Oncology in 2001 at the Johns Hopkins Oncology Center. Dr. Diaz has authored a number of abstracts at national meetings, manuscripts in peer-reviewed journals and book chapters.

Dr. Jeff Drayer graduated from Cornell University in 1993 and Duke University School of Medicine in 1998. He completed his internship in San Diego, California and is now completing his dermatology residency in Boston, Massachusetts. He has written medical columns for Salon.com and the Raleigh (North Carolina) News and Observer, and has authored a book of columns entitled "The Cost-Effective Use of Leeches."

Dr. Edward B. Feinberg, MPH, is a graduate of Mount Sinai School of Medicine, where he was elected to AOA medical honor society. He subsequently was an intern in the Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center. He then served in the United States Navy as a medical officer, returning to the University of Michigan in the Department of Ophthalmology, where he served as a resident, fellow in disease and surgery of the retina, and was an instructor in the University of Michigan Medical School. He then went to the Department of Ophthalmology of the University of Tennessee College of Medicine Chattanooga Clinical Education Center, where he later became chairman. In 1997 he spent a year at Harvard School of Public Health, completing the requirements for a masters degree with concentration in health care policy. He has since served as Medical Director for Eye Emergency Services at Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, and is now Medical Director for Clinical Services and Acting Medical Director for Vitreoretinal Surgery in the Department of Ophthalmology at Boston University School of Medicine. He is an instructor at Harvard Medical School and clinical associate professor at Boston University School of Medicine.

Dr. Galit Kleiner-Fisman, MDCM, is currently completing her neurology specialty training at the Harvard Longwood Neurology Training Program, at the Beth Israel-Deaconess Medical Center in Boston, Massachusetts. She has been there since 1997. Dr. Fisman intends to further sub-specialize in movement disorders starting in July 2001. Prior to her training in neurology, Dr. Fisman spent two years doing internal medicine at the Lahey Clinic in Burlington Massachusetts, and at the Rhode Island Hospital in Providence, Rhode Island. She completed her medical school training at McGill Medical School in Montreal in 1996.

Dr. Matthew Freedman is a graduate of the University of Michigan Medical School. He previously completed his undergraduate studies at the University of Michigan in Economics. He took a two-year leave of absence during medical school to pursue laboratory research in the areas of acute leukemia with Francis Collins, M.D. and immune tolerance with Michael Lenardo, M.D. He received his training in internal medicine at the Hospitals of the University of Pennsylvania. Currently, he is training in oncology at the Dana Farber Cancer Institute in Boston and is pursuing research in cancer genetics.

Dr. Jessica Katz graduated from Albert Einstein College of Medicine in Bronx, New York with a combined MD-Ph.D. degree. Her graduate studies and doctoral thesis are in the field of immunology and revolve around the study of autoimmunity. Dr. Katz completed her Internal Medicine residency at New York University/Bellevue Medical Center in New York City. Upon completion, she became an attending physician at Pennsylvania Hospital in Philadelphia for five years. Her responsibilities included teaching and supervising internal medicine housestaff in their ambulatory clinic, giving morning housestaff conferences, supervising housestaffs' care over inpatients, as well as participating in a group Internal Medicine practice affiliated with Pennsylvania Hospital. She is currently a clinician for the City of Philadelphia Department of Health. At the city health clinics, primary medical care is given in an urban center, serving the needs of the community with limited public health resources. Extremes of medical illness (both diversity and severity) are predominant. Patient education is of paramount importance.

During medical school, Dr. Katz also edited educational science books for children through Millbrook Press. She serves on the editorial board of "Hospital Physician", a peer review journal, which sends articles several times a year for evaluation.

Additionally, she is on the executive board of an organization dedicated to helping women who are victims of domestic violence.

Dr. David A. Kaufman is a graduate of the Columbia College of Physicians and Surgeons in New York City. He completed his internship and residency in internal medicine at the Presbyterian Hospital in New York. He is currently a fellow in pulmonary and critical care medicine at the Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania.

Dr. Sara Lovinger, a board certified internist, graduated from Barnard College and has a Master of Arts degree from Columbia University. She attended Rush Medical College in Chicago, and completed her internal medicine residency at Northwestern Memorial Hospital there. Since residency, she has worked in community medicine in Chicago, and now in Boston and Boston Medical Center.

Dr. Rosenblat is a graduate of State University at Stony Brook School of Medicine. He subsequently completed an internship at the Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania. Dr. Rosenblat is currently completing his training in Emergency Medicine.

Dr. Poune Saberi, M.P.H., spent her undergraduate years at University of Massachusetts at Amherst where she did research in genetics and molecular biology. Dr. Saberi then attended and graduated from Tufts School of Medicine with a combined degree in medicine and masters of public health. Her public health research included working to assess barriers in access to health care for women and children, and access to health care for immigrants and refugees. She also did research on evidence based data for policies regarding cervical cancer screening. Currently, Dr. Saberi is undergoing a residency in Family Medicine at the Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania. She is presently working on a project to promote and establish a problem-based curriculum at an inner city school as a method to teach health-related topics.

Dr. Netanel Schwob, born in Paris, France, attended McGill University in Montreal, Canada, where he received his medical degree. He completed his pediatric training at the Long Island Jewish Medical Center in New York. He did extra training in pediatric nephrology at Johns Hopkins Medical School in Baltimore, Maryland. Dr. Schwob is currently in private practice in pediatrics in Annapolis, Maryland. He additionally staffed a chat room at americasdoctors.com. He published one book chapter and several articles in peer reviewed journals. Dr. Schwob is a fellow of American Academy of Pediatrics (FAAP).

Dr. Elena Sgarbossa is Associate Director of Clinical Research in Cardiology, Director of the ECG Core Laboratory for Clinical Studies, and Assistant Professor of Medicine at Rush-Presbyterian Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois. She is also a member of the Rush Cardiology Research Advisory Committee. Dr. Sgarbossa has received several research awards and is an extensively published author. Her work has been published in Annals of Internal Medicine, Circulation, New England Journal of Medicine, Journal of the American College of Cardiology, and American Journal of Cardiology, among others. She has also authored chapters in textbooks such as Topol's Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine. Dr. Sgarbossa is a medical journal reviewer (referees on acceptance of original articles submitted to the editors) and a Freelance Translator of medical /pharmaceutical articles, study protocols, and other medical material from Italian or Spanish into English and from English or Italian into Spanish.

Dr. Thomas Staiger is a graduate of the University of Washington School of Medicine. He subsequently completed a residency in Primary Care Internal Medicine at the University of Washington. He is currently an Assistant Professor in the Division of General Internal Medicine at the University of Washington and an attending physician at University Hospital, Seattle. Dr. Staiger is lead clinician for electronic medical record development for the university and has authored several articles in peer-reviewed journals.

Dr. Dave Stern graduating Phi Beta Kappa and magna cum laude from Dartmouth College, Dr. Dave Stern attended the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine. While there, he was elected to the Alpha Omega Alpha honor society, and won the Gate Pharmaceutical Prize for Internal Medicine. He completed his residency in Internal Medicine at the Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania and became board certified. He is currently serving as Chief Medical Resident.

Dr. Adam Levy is a graduate of the New York University School of Medicine. He subsequently trained at The Mount Sinai Medical Center in New York as a resident and Chief Resident in Pediatrics. He is presently the Chief Fellow in Pediatric Hematology/Oncology at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center. Dr. Levy has authored articles appearing in peer-reviewed journals.

Dr. James Dolan is a graduate of Stanford University School of Medicine. He completed internship in General Surgery at the University of California, San Francisco. Subsequently, he entered residency training in Surgery at that same institution. He completed a Postdoctoral Research Fellowship in Surgery at UCSF where he was involved in Tumor Immunology research in the laboratory of Dr. Jeffrey Norton and is the author of a number of chapters and articles on the subject of endocrine pathology. He is currently a Senior Resident in Surgery at UCSF.

Dr. Ajay Nirula is a graduate of the UCLA School of Medicine. He previously completed his undergraduate studies at the University of California at Berkeley in Molecular Biology. He subsequently completed a yearlong fellowship at the Diabetes Branch of the National Institutes of Health where he co-authored four publications on the role of insulin and related growth factors in embryonic development. At UCLA, he enrolled in the Medical Scientist Training Program designed to train physician scientists in both clinical medicine and biomedical research. His dissertation research resulted in the identification of novel human genes involved in the regulation of the immune response as well as HIV gene expression. He received a Ph.D. from the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center in Dallas in 1997 in addition to his M.D. from UCLA. He authored several publications in peer-reviewed journals during his training and received a patent regarding the function of the novel immune response gene ILF. He completed his residency training in Internal Medicine at UCLA Medical Center and is currently a fellow in Rheumatology at UCSF Medical Center, where he is pursuing research in the area of T cell immunology.

Dr. Mark Levin is a graduate of State University of New York Downstate College of Medicine. He was a resident in Medicine at Hahnemann University Hospital and completed a fellowship in Hematology and Oncology at the Long Island Jewish Hospital and Medical Center in New York. He is the Co-Director of the division of Oncology and Hematology at the Brookdale University Hospital and Medical Center in Brooklyn, NY and an Associate Professor of Medicine at the SUNY-Downstate College of Medicine. Dr. Levin directs the Gaucher Disease Center of Brooklyn and is an author of numerous articles in the field of hematology and oncology.

Dr Chris Winfree attended Dartmouth College where he majored in Chemistry. After obtaining his M.D. from Columbia University, he completed his internship in General Surgery at Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center in New York. He is currently completing his neurosurgical residency at the New York Neurological Institute in Manhattan.

Dr. Debbie Cohen completed medical school at the University of the Witwatersrand in South Africa. She trained in internal medicine in South Africa, then emigrated to the United States and completed residency training at Albert Einstein Medical Center in Philadelphia and is board certified in internal medicine. She is currently completing fellowship training in Nephrology at University of Pennsylvania. Dr. Cohen will assume an attending position in July 2000 in the Nephrology Division at the University of Pennsylvania. She has authored a number of abstracts, presented at national meetings and authored manuscripts in peer-reviewed journals.

Dr. Lyle James Dennis is a graduate of Albert Einstein College of Medicine. He subsequently was an intern and resident in Neurology at Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center in New York. Dr. Dennis then completed a fellowship in Critical Care Neurology also at Columbia. He is currently an attending in Neurology physician at Englewood Hospital in New Jersey, and is a Clinical Assistant Professor of Neurology at Columbia. Dr. Dennis has authored several articles appearing in peer-reviewed journals.

Dr. Ronald J. Lew completed medical school at New York University in New York, NY in 1995. He trained in Internal Medicine at the Harbor-UCLA Medical Center in Los Angeles, CA, attaining board certification immediately thereafter. He then moved to Philadelphia, PA where he is currently pursuing a fellowship in Gastroenterology at the University of Pennsylvania, with future plans of specialization in therapeutic endoscopy. He has authored a number of abstracts at national meetings and manuscripts in peer-reviewed journals. Dr. Bradley Somer completed medical school at Albert Einstein College of Medicine in Bronx, New York. He trained in internal medicine at the Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Dr. Somer, currently a fellow in Hematology-Oncology at the University of Pennsylvania, is board certified in internal medicine. He is an editor at OncoLink, a leading cancer web site and is a founder of VeriMed Healthcare Network. He has authored a number of abstracts and authored manuscripts in peer-reviewed journals.

J. Gordon Lambert, MD, Associate Medical Director, Rx Remedy

Dr. Lambert was one of the original creators of the knowledgebase upon which the health illustrated encyclopedia was developed. Dr Lambert has reviewed encyclopedia articles and more than 300 of the medical illustrations and accompanying text. He is currently affiliated with RxRemedy, a company that provides medical review services to A.D.A.M.

A.D.A.M. editorial staff uses guidelines from specialty medical societies, American Cancer Society, National Institute of Health, and the American Heart Association. In addition, A.D.A.M. uses numerous reference works, including:

1. AAP 2000 Red Book: Report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases, 25th ed., 2000. American Academy of Pediatrics.
2. Anesthesia, 5th ed., 2000 (Miller). Churchill Livingstone, Inc.
3. Brenner & Rector 's The Kidney, 6ht ed., 2000 W.B. Saunders Company.
4. Campbell 's Operative Orthopaedics, 9th ed., 1998 (Canale). Mosby, Inc.
5. Campbell 's Urology, 7th ed., 1998 (Walsh). W.B. Saunders Company.
6. Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 21st ed., 2000 (Goldman). W.B. Saunders Company.
7. Clinical Dematology, 3rd ed., 1996 (Habif). Mosby-Year Book, Inc.
8. Clinical Oncology, 2nd ed., 2000 (Abeloff). Churchill Livingstone, Inc.
9. Clinical Procedures in Emergency Medicine, 3rd ed., 1998 (Roberts). W.B. Saunders Company.
10. The Complete German Commission E Monographs: Therapeutic Guide to Herbal Medicines, 1st ed., 1998 (Blumenthal). American Botanical Council.
11. Conn 's Current Therapy 2001 , 53rd ed., 2001 (Rakel). W.B. Saunders Company.
12. Ellenhorn 's Medical Toxicology, 2nd ed 1997 Williams 7 Wilkins.
13. Emergency Medicine: Concepts and Clinical Practice, 4th ed., 1998 (Rosen). Mosby-Year Book, Inc.
14. Griffith 's 5- Minute Clinical Consult, 2001 ed., 2001 (Dambro). Lippincott Willliams & Williams.
15. Harrison 's Principles of Internal Medicine 14th Edition.
16. Heart Disease: A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine, 6th, 2001 (Braunwald). W.B. Saunders Company.
17. John Hopkins: Harriet Lane Handbook, 15th ed. 2000. Mosby, Inc.
18. Kelley"s Textbook of Rheumatology, 6th ed., 2001 (Ruddy). W.B. Saunders Company.
19. Kistner 's Gynecology & Women 's Health, 7th ed., 1999 (Ryan). Mosby, Inc.
20. Marriott's Practical Electrocardiography, 10th ed., 2001 (Wagner). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
21. Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics, 16th ed., 2000 (Behman). W.B. Saunders Company.
22. Obstetrics Ð Normal and Problem Pregnancies, 3rd ed., 1996 (Gabbe). Churchill Livingstone, Inc.
23. Ophthalmology, 1st ed., 1999 (Yanoff). Mosby International Ltd.
24. Paul and Juhl 's Essentials of Radiologic Imaging, 7th ed., 1998 (Juhl). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
25. Practice of Geriatric, 3rd ed., 1998 (Duthie). W.B. Saunders Company.
26. Primary Care Medicine, 4th ed., 2000 (Goroll). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
27. Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases, 5th ed., 2000 (Mandell). Churchill Livingston, Inc.
28. Principles and Practice of Pediatric Oncology, 3rd ed., 1997 (Pizzo and Poplack). Lippincott-Raven Publishers.
29. Procedures for Primary Care Physicians, 1st ed., 1994 (Pfennigner). Mosby-Year Book, Inc.
30. Psychiatry, 1st ed., 1997 (Tasman). W.B. Saunders Company.
31. Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, 1998 ed., 1998 (Bone). Mosby-Year Book, Inc.
32. Ravel: Clinical Laboratory Medicine, 6th ed., 1995 (Ravel). Mosby Year Book, Inc.
33. Robbins Pathologic Basis of Disease, 6th ed., 1999 (Cotran). W.B. Saunders Company.
34. Rockwood & Green 's Fractures in Adults, 4th ed., 1996. Lippincott- Raven Publishers.
35. Sabiston Textbook of Surgery, 16th ed., 2001 (Townsend). W.B. Saunders Company.
36. Sleisenger & Fordtran 's Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease, 6th ed., 1998 (Feldman). W.B. Saunders Company.
37. Textbook of Clinical Neurology, 1st ed., 1999 (Goetz). W.B. Saunders Company.
38. Textbook of Primary Care Medicine, 3rd ed., 2001 (Noble). Mosby, Inc.
39. Washington Manual of Medical Therapeutics, 30th ed., 2001. Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine.
40. William 's Obstetrics 20th Edition.
41. Williams Textbook of Endocrinology, 9th ed., 1998 (Wilson). W.B. Saunders Company.
42. Wintrobe 's Clinical Hematology, 10th ed., 1999 (Lee). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

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